Three hours before lunch, 40 people drank a 330-calorie shake that was high in either protein, fat, or carbohydrates. The participants were no less hungry, and they ate no less (or more) at lunch—or later in the day—after the high-protein shake than after the high-carb or high-fat shake.
Weight gain, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, memory loss, depression, Crohn’s disease. The list of maladies linked to ultra-processed foods seems endless. Are those foods actually to blame? Here’s what we do—and don’t yet—know.
